A law school, for example, might voluntarily take affirmative action to find and admit qualified students of color. brennan jr., "the lingering effects of pervasive discrimination" ( Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers' Int'l Assoc.v. The term itself refers to both mandatory and voluntary programs intended to affirm the civil rights of designated classes of individuals by taking positive action to protect them from, in the words of Justice william j. These decisions and initiatives came to be known as affirmative action. law and society through a series of court decisions and political initiatives interpreting the Civil Rights guarantees within the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Nearly a century later, this idea of assisting whole classes of individuals to gain access to the goods of U.S. Sherman proposed to divide up the land and goods from the sizable plantations of southeastern Georgia that were under his command and grant to each family of color "40 acres and a mule." The proposal ran into powerful political opposition, however, and it was never widely adopted. To help these newly emancipated citizens sustain a minimal economic base, the victorious General William T. When that conflict ended, the former slave population throughout the South owned virtually nothing and had only a limited set of skills with which they could make a living. The idea of affirmative action was foreshadowed as early as the Reconstruction Era, which followed the U.S. Factors considered are race, color, sex, creed, and age. Employment programs required by federal statutes and regulations designed to remedy discriminatory practices in hiring minority group members i.e., positive steps designed to eliminate existing and continuing discrimination, to remedy lingering effects of past discrimination, and to create systems and procedures to prevent future discrimination commonly based on population percentages of minority groups in a particular area.
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